The Emergence of Anatomically Modern Humans Essay

The Emergence of Anatomically Modern Humans - Essay Example It remained a hypothesis until in 1980s when scientific proof of linkages between mitochondrial DNA and samples taken from fossilized specimens were seen to match. Darwin suggested this model after studying the behavior of African apes at the London zoo. He postulated that all Homo sapiens can trace their roots to east Africa from where they originated and moved to other parts of the world. This was termed as ‘monogenism’ or single origin. It was not until the 1980s that a scientist named Allan Wilson and his team was able to find substantial proof of this by comparing the mitochondrial DNA of humans to that of chimpanzees. He concluded that the uncanny resemblance and scarce diversity between the two samples of mitochondrial DNA strongly suggests an evolutionary link between the two. Keeping in mind the limited resources of that time, scientists were able to conclude in 1990s that this evolution probably took place about 150,000 years ago in East Africa. Another important step in proving this theory to be accurate was the use of Y- chromosome that showed its first signs of diversity after the first migration from Africa. It is important to understand that the reason why only mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome were chosen to conduct this genomic reconstruction was because the mitochondrial DNA is passed from the mother to the child without any mutations so that it is safe to say that the mitochondrial DNA that we possess is very much like the mitochondrial DNA of Eve (Jones & John, 2007). Similarly, the Y-chromosome in every adult male shows the least degree of mutation and is very similar to that of Adam himself. Therefore, the tracing of human evolution is most accurate when these two chromosomes are used for genetic reconstruction of ancient Homo sapiens. The second part of this theory discusses how the Homo sapiens travelled out of Africa and expanded to other parts of the world.

Principles of Employment Relations in Australia Essay

Principles of Employment Relations in Australia - Essay Example Over the past about twenty years, many nations have experienced a wide spread change and as such, the current theories are not a clear conceptual lens of understanding these changes. Australia has also experienced these changes since 1983. Industrial relations researchers have been doing a wonderful job in this sector, making critical observation like the transformation that has been experienced over the past 20 years or so. The theories of the Industrial relations are connected to the real world as they attempt to find logic from the natural human social behaviour and help to comprehend the consistent human real life activities (Allan et al 2008). Each human activity is identified in terms of theory, social context, experience and practice. Theories are perceived differently in the real life situation implying that these could be very different circumstances for instance the work of a shop Stewart and a human resource manager. Basically there are five main theories of industrial relations that have been explained by Industrial relations researchers (Allan et al 2008). These theories include Unitary, Conflict, Systems, and social action. Under this theory, an organization or a firm is v... The organizations management team and the workforce work together to meet the same goals and mutual respect and cooperation are emphasized here (Allan et al 2008). The main feature of this theory is the common purpose that the management and staff work to meet and the mutual cooperation that is emphasised in meeting these objectives. The stronghold of this theory is the fact that the trade union can be rendered useless as the organization has already established loyalty between workers and itself and this relationship is mutually exclusive. The whole industry is visualised as one and not as two sides where any conflict is treated as a disruptive and a consequence of agitators, poor communication and interpersonal problems. The organization is integrated in one harmonious firm and each worker identifies with the common organizational goal. There is not conflict of interest as the owners of capital are partners for effective production, good salaries and wages and good profits as well (Alexander et al 2008) Such kinds of operations have weaknesses in that, the workforce cannot challenge the managers' decision and trade unions are perceived as intruders to the existing unity and organizational structure. The existing trade unions become competitors to the workers loyalty. Unitary theory does not appreciate conflict as this is perceived as interpersonal friction, incitation, failure to understand communality and faulty communication (Allan et al 2008). Neo unitarism is a variant of the unitary theory (unitarism); this theory gets the workers to provide better production by human resource management tactics. Conflict Theory Many scholars believe that the theory of conflict bases its roots on the beliefs of Karl Marx and his Marxism theory. This theory